The First Modern Model F
Mechanical Keyboard

Bringing back the classic buckling spring and beam spring keyboards, built to last for decades but out of production since the 1980s, for a short production run ending soon!

Now you can save over 50% from what they cost originally in 1984, adjusted for inflation.

Check out the new full size and other Model F keyboard models!  This new project has just launched.  Click the above green button to customize your Brand New Model F Keyboard or Brand New Beam Spring Keyboard and support the projects.  

Also check out the new Beam Spring project which just launched!

Note:  All F62 and F77 variations and extras are now in stock, expected to ship within 1-4 weeks, as opposed to the “made to order” nature of prior rounds.

Model F Buckling Spring: the Best Switch for Typing

At the heart of the Best Keyboard Ever, is IBM’s venerated buckling spring switch technology.  This switch technology was developed in the 1970’s and is at the core of the IBM Model F.  This keyboard switch has a delicate yet incredibly tactile response that makes typing a pure pleasure.  If you are new to mechanical keyboards, the buckling spring switch is what other mechanical switches are modeled after and compared against (especially those blue and green switches!).

Many consider the buckling spring and beam spring the best switches for typing, with anecdotal claims that using a buckling spring keyboard reduced fatigue and improved accuracy.  This is one reason mechanical keyboards are gaining in popularity, but unfortunately, availability has been a real problem for new buckling spring and beam spring keyboards.  Keyboards with those other switches are often your only choice if you are looking for a 60% compact or tenkeyless board, since there those form factors with buckling spring and beam spring switches either don’t exist or are rare and can only be acquired second-hand.

 

$2,701,000+
so far in orders (7/1/23)!

 

4,000+
people supporting these projects

 

7/31/23
please have your orders in by then!

 

Project Status (July 2023):
All F62/F77 in stock, will ship soon after your order! (orders still accepted)

Model F:  Built to Last for Decades, Not Years

The IBM Model F keyboards not only used the best switches, the materials used in their production (well over 5lbs of steel and other metals) means they will be working as good as new when it’s time to pass it on to your grandchildren.  The problem…they just aren’t made that way any more.  The IBM Model F was discontinued in the 1980’s.  If you do find a Model F, it will be some combination of dirty, broken and/or expensive, requiring hours of work to get it working again!  

While the Model F was replaced with the cheaper and now easier to obtain Model M, the Model M made some sacrifices on build quality and tactile response, replacing almost all metal with plastic.  Out was the incredibly sharp and firm click of the Model F’s flippers making direct contact with its large printed circuit board.  In was the Model M’s tiny pivot plates hitting a rubber mat and underlying plastic membrane sheets with a relatively dull thud.  And again, if you want a vintage Model M that is considered to be of higher quality than today’s keyboards, then you are stuck in the second-hand market dealing with dirty, more likely broken and often expensive options.

But through the tireless effort, expertise, and support from countless Deskthority, Geekhack, and reddit community members, the IBM Model F design is being resurrected for the first time in three decades.  This effort has culminated in the release of reproductions of the IBM Model F keyboards, of which more than four thousand have shipped since 2019.  Originally, these keyboards were part of a family of industrial strength keyboards designed for use in the banking and other commercial applications – so well made and reliable that some systems and their keyboards are still in use today.  The F62’s layout is a 30 year old design that the layout of nearly all current-generation compact 60% keyboards match.  The F77 most closely matches modern tenkeyless designs with 15 additional keys to the right side of the layout that can be used as either navigation or numeric keys.  Newer designs like the F104 closely match various modern full-size and other size keyboards; some of the new designs match the IBM Model M but with the improved Model F design and modernized technological updates described below.

Finally, a keyboard made in this century with more metal than plastic – a sturdy, heavy keyboard with buckling springs, which were later used in the legendary Model M keyboard that set the standard layout for every keyboard from that era to today.

Press Mentions

“The Best Keyboard Ever Is Back”

“It somehow improves on IBM’s classic”

IBM’s Model F keyboards are prized among keyboard enthusiasts. Introducing buckling spring switches over a capacitive printed circuit board (PCB) in the early 80s, they’re considered the grandfather of mechanical switches.”

 

“To gamers and anyone else who is particular about how their keyboard sounds and feels, there are few things more satisfying than the loud click of a mechanical key. Although there are modern mechanical keyboards, aficionados also now have the option of purchasing a brand new version of the IBM Model F board from the 1980s.”

“Old school geeks alike will argue that the venerable IBM Model F, circa 1981 and sporting keys that must be forced down on internal buckling springs, was the best mechanical keyboard ever made. It was a key masher’s dream and emanated a deliciously clicky sound that modern day mechanical keyboards have all tried and failed to perfectly replicate.”


“The second coming of the high-quality Model F (not to be confused with its more affordable plastic successor, the Model M) isn’t a throwback attention grab from IBM, nor a nostalgia play from Big Keyboard. Instead, it’s the longtime work of a historian in love with the retro keyboard’s unparalleled sound and feel, but frustrated by the limitations of actual decades-old tech.”

NPR

“The Model F is considered by many people to be the best keyboard ever. IBM stopped making it in the ’90s and the patent expired. But the keyboard is having another moment.”

The Model F is not exactly the mechanical keyboard that started it all, but it may as well be. What’s more, the keyboard and its switches were discontinued decades ago, so if you wanted to put your paws on the legend, you needed to either dig one up in a junk pile or build a time machine. Now, though, you can order one up from [ModelFKeyboards.com]”

“It was the soundtrack of the Eighties-era office: the clickety-clack of the computer keyboard. More often than not, the instrument at hand was an IBM Model F (or its cheaper cousin, the Model M)—a keyboard that lives in legend among vintage hardware aficionados as the finest ever designed.”

IBM rated the switches in the Model F for 100 million strokes per key, about four times the rating for the ones aboard the Model M. That sort of endurance is so long that it practically means “forever,” but in combination with the slightly lower actuation force and the meatier key feel, it means that keyboard aficionados widely prefer the Model F over the Model M.”

“You can buy a mechanical keyboard right now that has fancy LEDs, various custom key switches, and wireless connectivity. However, some keyboard enthusiasts would tell you that the mechanical keyboard actually reached perfection in the early 1980s. That’s when IBM started producing the Model F keyboard.”

“Just like the mechanic who will only buy a specific brand of wrenches, the engineer who has a favorite pair of tweezers, or the amateur woodworker who uses a hand plane made 150 years ago, some people who use keyboards eight or twelve hours a day have realized the older tools of the trade are better. Old keyboards, or at least ones with mechanical switches, aren’t gummy, they’re precise, you don’t have to hammer on them to type, and they’re more ergonomic. They sound better.”

Why a Limited Production Run?

One of the goals of this project has been to get the cost of the keyboard down to less than half of what IBM charged for them in the 1980s (adjusted for inflation), even though this project is incredibly expensive to put in motion.  To achieve this, I will be doing just one production run, plus one early-bird round. This saves on tooling and other costs that make continuous production infeasible at this time, but it requires orders to be accepted only in a limited window of time. When the window closes, that’s it!  So if you want one of these, please order one soon!  I will be hand inspecting each keyboard to make sure each one is up to my quality standards before they ship to you.  

Model F prototype and production units testing and teardown

Ordering options

  • See individual product pages for details on specific keyboard models
  • Model F keyboard with ultra high quality dye sublimated PBT keys from new injection molds made for this project
  • Also available are Beam Spring keyboards (IBM’s predecessor to the Model F)
  • All keyboards have function keys!  
  • Key sets: can be purchased separately, Model F keys also work on original IBM Model F / M keyboards.  Beam Springs use MX compatible keys.
  • Colors for classic zinc metal case keyboards:  off-white/beige (to match the originals), Industrial Gray (to match the Industrial SSK), black, silver gray, and True Red.  For ultra compact aluminum metal cases:  black, regular gray, dark blue, light blue, off-white/beige, Industrial Gray, and True Red.
  • Layouts:  ANSI, ISO (various languages available), HHKB-style (with Ctrl / Control key in the home row next to “A”), 2U and larger keys can be split into two smaller keys on Model F keyboards
  • Premium supporter options (earliest delivery options!):  Single digit and lower serial numbers or request a specific serial number
  • Extra parts are available
  • Go to the shop page for the full list of options and products

Beam Spring prototype and production units testing

Tech specs

What makes the Model F great

Original materials and quality standards, updated with an easily configurable controller

Pre-programmed for your layout – just plug it in (some configuration required).   Native USB support; detachable USB cable. 

Custom layouts possible; fully programmable by GUI with function layers and macros.  Firmware options include Via, QMK and xwhatsit.  

Cross platform configuration tools (Windows, Mac OS, Linux).

Full NKRO (N-Key Rollover) capacitive switch sensing. Aerospace-grade buckling springs.

Capacitive technology prevents key contacts from being directly exposed, thereby significantly expanding the keyboard’s useful life.

Aerospace-grade springs manufactured to the original tolerances will help these keyboards attain decades of service.

Powdercoated (painted) metal top and metal bottom case

Classic cases:  powdercoated to match the original off white/beige and industrial gray colors.  Other color options:  Black, True Red, Blue, and Silver/Blue Gray.

The factory did an outstanding job with texture and color matching. Can you tell which case below is the original and which is the reproduction?

Heavy-duty industrial design

Puts your effort into typing and not flexing the case

Customizable layout

Layouts and key placement can be adjusted at the factory, or you can adjust them yourself later on.  More than 5 right side block configurations!

ANSI / US, ISO, Regular or Split Shift (one or both shift keys), Regular or Split Backspace, and Regular or Split Spacebar are all possible!  

HHKB-style Caps Lock and Ctrl positions, or regular positions for those keys.  

Apple / MAC layout keys available for all keyboards, plus 100s of custom legend keys also available!  

Some example layouts are below.  Not pictured below:  Classic IBM Model M style case F122, F104, FSSK, and Beam Spring keyboards

Barrels and capacitive flippers

For super-smooth key travel and a solid sounding click: Model F barrels and full-size capacitive flippers, all injection molded for accuracy/durability (not 3D printed)

Dye-sublimated one-piece PBT keycaps made from brand new injection molds

Dye-sublimated legends resist wear much better than regular pad-printed keys.  Below are 2021 production new Model F dye sublimated keycaps!

new Model F keys

Metal top and metal bottom inner "sandwich" plates with interlocking tabs

The same method used with the original Model F’s. 

High quality packaging for shipping and storage

Packed in two custom-molded foam shells (only for F62 classic style cases as of 2022).  Ships factory assembled, though you will put on your keyboard’s feet and keys!

Vintage dot matrix invoicing to give it that retro feel

Your keyboard packing slip printed with a dot matrix printer on old 1980s style green bar continuous form computer paper. 

Packaging includes a brown double walled cardboard box with custom graphics as shown on the production box below.

HHKB-style (incl. split right shift) layout available

A special customization of the top inner assembly and PCB makes an almost exact approximation of this layout possible on buckling spring keyboards – a first! Great for programmable layers (supported!)

split shift

Birth certificate label on each keyboard

Label includes your keyboard’s birthday and serial number.  An option is available to choose a birthdate/anniversary date and/or custom serial.

DSC_8560 - Copy

Metal stabilizer tabs

Metal tabs attached to the top inner assembly for the Model M style spacebar stabilizer wire – no plastic pieces like in the original

Extra parts will be available

Extra barrels (AT-style) and capacitive flippers will be produced and made available for purchase separately (for other projects and for replacement parts) during the limited time order window

Model F mechanical keyboard facts

  • Unlike a Model M, a Model F can be taken apart piece by piece and reassembled with just a pair of pliers and a screwdriver (though it does take a bit of time to put all the pieces back together!).  The Model F’s top inner assembly is designed with steel tabs that slide into the bottom inner assembly.  Therefore it is considered one of the most repairable keyboards, which is one reason why they can be restored to working condition 30+ years later.  The Model M requires irreversibly breaking off the plastic rivets to get inside.  
  • Keys are easy to remove and replace.  Since most Model F keys fit equally well on every row (though not the extra wide modifier keys), you can have many layout possibilities – QWERTY, DVORAK, and some international layout variations.  During shipping, it is common for buckling springs to fall out of place so it’s easy to remove and re-seat a key that does not buckle properly.
  • Buckling springs are also easy to remove and replace.  No need to disassemble the entire keyboard to replace a buckling spring, thanks to a number of methods found through a Google search, like the tweezers method or the chopsticks method.  
  • The Model F keys are in my opinion a lot smoother and a little lighter than their Model M counterparts.  Part of it is probably due to the higher quality Model F construction and individualized F barrels made with a special heavy duty but super smooth plastic resin.  
  • IBM Model F keyboards are known today for having very strange-looking layouts that are difficult to get used to.  For example, the IBM XT keyboard, one of the first Model F’s to come out.  The IBM PC AT keyboard attempted to improve upon those layout shortfalls, but still required tedious layer switching through the Num Lock button to access cursor keys and num pad keys.  Model M’s greatly improved the layouts of these old Model F keyboards, but at the expense of significantly reduced quality of components and metal content in an effort to save costs.
  • Most original Model F’s have vertical Enter keys and short shift keys that are often difficult to find and press.  Also the space bars of the XT and AT F keyboards were much larger and required much more force to press.  
  • Model F keyboards originally sold for sky-high prices relative to today’s keyboards, though many were sold as part of big contracts for huge terminal systems costing tens of thousands of dollars.  For example, IBM’s Model F 122-key keyboard originally sold for $295 back in 1984 – over $850 adjusted for inflation!  And that price reflected IBM’s huge economies of scale advantage where they could allocate fixed production and tooling costs across tens and hundreds of thousands of keyboards, and later millions of Model M keyboards.

History

The year is 1981. IBM, in the business of selling expensive mainframe computers and terminals to big corporations, has just released the IBM Personal Computer, which thanks to its open architecture was to become a standard for the computer industry (“IBM PC compatible”).  The system is delivered with the latest in IBM keyboard technology, the ‘Buckling Spring,’ patented five years earlier. Smaller in size, designed for higher durability and reliability, and less expensive to manufacture than their earlier Beam Spring keyboards, the new Model F buckling spring keyboards retain the very high build quality IBM’s computer hardware was known for, with a capacitive sensing PCB sandwiched between beefy steel front and back plates, all packaged within an outer casing of solid metal for the bottom piece (and later solid metal top and bottom pieces for their 4704 banking system’s Model F keyboards). These were keyboards engineered and manufactured to endure hundreds of millions of keystrokes. They are arguably the finest feeling and most durable keyboards ever produced, yet very few people today have even heard of, let alone experienced them as they were made before a time of PS/2 and USB standards.

If you are old enough, chances are you know of the IBM buckling spring technology in the guise of the Model M, which was designed by IBM as a lower-cost replacement for the Model F, and manufactured and sold with IBM PCs between 1985 and ~1995. But before the Model M, for just about five years between 1981 and 1986,  IBM manufactured and sold Model F keyboards as their primary offering.  Then in 1987 IBM’s Personal System/2 came along and popularized the Model M keyboard, which featured the same layout and set of keys as is on just about every standard keyboard today.  The PS/2 (as it was known) introduced many technologies including the PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports, VGA video standard, 1.44 MB floppy disk format, and the 16550 UART serial port (commonly used with its RS-232 interface).

Project notes/terms and conditions/risks

In case you haven’t been following the forums where I have had several hundred posts explaining different aspects of the project and its execution, including risks, here are some key highlights, which will also serve as the terms and conditions the buyer agrees to by placing an order on this web site.  As you may have read on the forums, many forum members and I have paid extreme attention to detail throughout this process and I want to be straightforward with some of the less exciting parts of the project, especially with the risks and caveats.  I ask that you read through these carefully before placing an order.  If you’re concerned with something, feel free to message me.  My user name is Ellipse on the Deskthority and geekhack forums (1954bertonespyder on reddit) and am the project coordinator.

  • Please read through the web site and my forum postings to gain a full understanding of what you’re buying.  Check out the Brand New Model F Keyboards Project Philosophy statement here.  However, things I have written over the years may change or may no longer be accurate, and I have not gone back and corrected these postings to remove inaccuracies.  We are not responsible for errors in pricing or in any written statements, whether on the web site, over email, or elsewhere.  Final product colors, specifications, etc. may change from what is noted/pictured.
  • You’re ordering into production a factory-customized product that could very well be unique to you, given the dozens of possible combinations offered:  keyboard layouts, case colors, and key options.  You will not be ordering anything from readily available inventory unless specified.  Many premium options are shown in the photos on this site; you will not get these premium offerings (e.g. key caps) unless you order them.  Your order will likely not match the layout and keys from the photos unless you specify those options when ordering – the photos serve only as example configurations you can consider.  The base keyboard option is a “bring your own keys” option which means that the base keyboard comes with no keys or stabilizer inserts.
  • Much of the design follows in the footsteps of old Model F keyboards, though these are not exact replicas of a 4704 banking keyboard or any other old keyboard.  The firmware and hardware components are completely modern and do not use IBM chips or firmware.  Interestingly the buckling spring patents expired many years ago and buckling spring is now in the public domain, yet this is the first project to build a new Model F keyboard from all-new parts.
  • Keyboard controller risks:  The Model F USB keyboard controller, designed by the super-smart DT/GH forum contributor xwhatsit in 2014, has been successfully and reliably used in thousands of new and original Model F keyboards.  Model F keyboards are known for their reliability and longevity, but there is a small risk that the new production keyboards’ firmware is not perfect just yet.  Therefore, every key function on each layer cannot be guaranteed.  If you ever want to change the controller,  you may be able to replace it with a compatible controller years from now with some desoldering/soldering of the ribbon cable.
  • Cosmetic risks:  Colors and their shades varied noticeably, even on original Model F keyboards.  Each keyboard is powdercoated (painted) or anodized and the colors and finish may vary significantly from what you had in mind or what the paint colors look like on your computer monitor.  Case finishes, keycap legends, and other parts may have slight, but noticeable, imperfections and defects which are not grounds for a return, exchange, or refund.  All buyers agree to accept cosmetic defects on all products.  Example allowed defects include but are not limited to chips, scuffs, lost/missing paint, retouched areas, scratches, anodizing spottiness/clouding/discolorations, and gouges.  Ordering some touch up paint from the paint store or Birchwood Casey Aluminum Touch Up for the anodized compact cases should improve any issues.  
  • “Feel” risks:  I have many original Model F keyboards in my collection and each one sounds different.  No two sound the same or feel the same when typing!  This means that your Brand New Model F Keyboard will likely not sound or feel like your 30 year old Model F or Model M keyboard due to their loosened springs, deteriorating foam, different alloys of metal, etc.  New or little-used Model M and Model F springs and keys tend to require a little break in to loosen up the springs and keys.  Not all keys will sound perfect or all the same with buckling spring keyboards – some may sound funny but they usually keep on working.
  • Product support:  please go to the forums as I can’t offer 1×1 support.  If there are any immediate or significant issues I will address them for you or let you know how to correct it, but I cannot provide personalized or ongoing technical support – those questions are best left to the keyboard forums.  Buckling spring keyboards are known to require key re-seating after they are bumped around during shipping – this is something you may need to learn how to do if you are new to buckling spring keyboards!  You must review the manual and setup videos completely before setting up your keyboard.  These keyboards are easy to repair yourself as they can be opened relatively easily compared to today’s devices and can be done with screwdrivers and pliers.  No spudgers needed :).  It is impressive that an original Model F keyboard can still work well 30+ years later, though you still may need to do some maintenance and repairs to keep your keyboard in good operating condition, such as re-seating/replacing springs and keys, cleaning your keys, maybe replacing the removable USB cable if it becomes flaky after a decade or so, etc.  While the xwhatsit has been working on hundreds of computer systems since 2014, I know next to nothing about the xwhatsit keyboard controller firmware and software being used for this project and cannot guarantee compatibility with all hardware and software configurations (in some cases you will need to do configuration and troubleshooting to set up your keyboard or learn to live with the limitations of the keyboard).  MODEL F LABS LLC products may be covered under a LIMITED WARRANTY.  For limited warranty information, please write to the mailing address listed below.  It is important to note that claims that Model F keyboards often last for decades in no way implies that these products carry a manufacturer’s warranty for decades.  MODEL F LABS LLC products do not carry a warranty for decades.  The intent of these statements is to highlight the user repairability of these keyboards:  the user can often maintain them for decades if they purchase spare parts ahead of time.  Most often the only failures are parts included with the First Aid Kits that are available as an additional purchase.
  • Refund/cancellation policy:  Given this is a made-to-order product with an extended expected lead time of more than one month and the possibility of manufacturing and production delays, refunds and/or cancellations can not be accepted, including for stocked products.  All sales are final, including sales of accessories and original old stock items.  Store policy requires Customer to perform troubleshooting if needed (under no circumstances will a product be fully replaced when only a part requires replacement); exchanges of defective items require an RMA and are subject to approval.  All goods are considered “custom made” and not returnable.  If cryptocurrency payment is received and a refund is required due to a site error or other reason, the refund amount will be calculated based on the current USD valuation, not the original crypto amount.  This means that the cryptocurrency amount refunded will likely be different from what was paid, but the value will be equivalent to the USD valuation at the time of the refund.  Fees may reduce the crypto refund amount.  The crypto merchant processor determines the exchange rate, which may be different from other quoted rates.  Crypto payments are at this time in beta and there may be extra fees for buyers choosing this method; orders with crypto payments may be cancelled if there are errors resulting in incorrect payment amounts or other issues.
  • Privacy policy:  I will not sell your personally identifiable information.  Cookies are used on this site to store details about your visit.  Under no circumstances am I able to view or save your full debit or credit card information:  only the payment processors are authorized to do so (PayPal and Authorize.net at this time).  By visiting this web site you agree to the privacy policy and the terms and conditions page (link to Terms and Conditions page).  Third parties will receive customer addresses and other information required for the purposes of shipping.  Users may simply contact the below email address to request changes to their personal information.  The full privacy policy is accessible on this page:  https://app.termly.io/document/privacy-policy/43090505-2288-4fac-863c-66599b004baf
  • Delivery policy:  Since you are ordering made-to-order items, stock is not kept and you will need to expect an extended production and shipment time frame specified above.  Delivered keys may not be installed to the keyboard by the factory, so be prepared to spend a little time installing your keys!  Legends may vary from what is pictured.  Items will be delivered by a common carrier (USPS, FedEx, DHL Express, UPS) and you may need a signature for the mail carrier to release the package.  Buyers are responsible for ensuring their shipping address is correct and updating me with address changes (and making sure I reply that the address was updated!).  In the event of shipping damage, seller must be notified in writing within three (3) business days of the delivery confirmation to arrange for opening a case (for damage).  Please contact me if your order must ship to a USPS P.O. (Post Office) Box and I will let you know the additional costs which may not be reflected in the web site pricing.  In the event of a misdelivery (wrong item, missing item, wrong address, etc.), seller must be notified in writing within 24 hours of the shipping confirmation email to arrange for package redirection.  Wrong or missing items can be partially refunded or replaced at the seller’s discretion (after returned item is received back in original condition, if applicable).  Seller assumes no liability for late or unreceived notifications, for packages delivered to former addresses when no address update request was confirmed actioned before shipping occurred, or for packages identified by the shipping carriers as delivered but that have been taken by theft or for any other reason.  For an address change to be made, seller must confirm in writing AFTER an address change has been made.  Signature confirmation is optional and must be purchased by the buyer.  Buyers are responsible for all import fees, duties, and taxes, and for notifying seller of any specific requirements for customs if applicable (credit card receipts, invoices with official company letterhead, etc.).  If goods are returned to sender for any reason, buyer is responsible for arranging and paying for shipping again; returned goods may be discarded after 30 days without refund if customer cannot be reached after repeated attempts (store credit less shipping cost will be issued).
  • Third party logos and unsolicited idea submission policies:  Unsolicited ideas are not accepted.  If you still submit ideas of a solicited or unsolicited nature, you automatically agree to abide for MODEL F LABS LLC submissions the same legal language as Apple uses (submissions and related intellectual property are automatically assigned to MODEL F LABS LLC and can be used for any purpose, no confidential or other relationship between parties exists, no expectation of payment, users contacting the firm must accept these terms and conditions prior to submitting ideas).  Severability applies to all terms and policies (if one or more provisions are determined to be unenforceable, all remaining items still apply).  Third-party logos, quotations, and references are copyrights and trademarks of their respective holders; use of such content on this site is for fair use, informational, and/or illustrative purposes only and does not imply endorsement or affiliation by them.
  • Company Name, mailing address and contact information:  MODEL F LABS LLC, 600 Franklin Ave. #7170, Garden City, NY.  Phone:  516 874 6411
  • I do hope that these keyboards survive the test of time.  So many products people buy today develop issues in a few months’ or years’ time and are meant to be disposed of; it is great to be able to buy something made today that you can use every day and it will be there for you to use 10, 20, 30 years from now.  I hope this project will be like that – only time will tell.  I do not want to compromise a project like this by lowering standards and cutting corners to make it inferior to an original because it is something I want to be able to use and something that is on par with the original Model F keyboards that I use daily – that is why I am spending $100,000 or more on this project for materials and production processes that meet or exceed original standards and tolerances, including lots of metal!